MANGROVES
Policy Brief by Global Mangrove Alliance. Published in November 2023
The policy brief documents brings together examples of national policies and frameworks from partners to support the international community in setting up stronger legal frameworks to protect mangroves. Policy approaches and strategies used in Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Seychelles, and the Western Indian Ocean Region.
This article provides links to policy documents and insights on the Government Regulation (PP) No. 27 of 2025, which covers the planning, utilisation, control, maintenance, supervision and enforcement of sanctions, with regards to the protection and management of mangrove ecosystem. It also points out certain loopholes and blind spots.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 2025
This Government Regulation regulates the protection and management of mangrove ecosystems. A mangrove ecosystem is a system of mangrove elements that constitutes a complete, holistic whole that mutually influences each other to form its balance, stability, and productivity. Mangrove ecosystem protection and management are carried out in: 1) forest areas; and 2) outside forest areas.
CORALS
BBNJ Agreement (High Seas Treaty) UN treaty under UNCLOS
The BBNJ Agreement (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction), or "High Seas Treaty" is a legally binding UN treaty adopted in 2023 to protect marine life in international waters. It entered into force on January 17, 2026, aiming to manage biodiversity in areas covering two-thirds of the ocean. The agreement addresses four key areas: marine genetic resources, area-based management tools (including marine protected areas), environmental impact assessments, and capacity-building.
The most important national laws and regulations concerning coral reef protection in Indonesia are anchored in a framework focusing on environmental management and the governance of coastal zones. The foundational legislation is Law No. 27 of 2007 (amended by Law No. 1 of 2014) on the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, which is widely regarded as the primary legal basis for protecting marine ecosystems, including corals, from human-induced damage.
Coral Reef Insurance and Marine Biodiversity Trust in Indonesia
This UNDP article describes a new Indonesian government regulation (Ministerial Regulation No. 27/2024) that establishes a Marine Biodiversity Trust, known as the “Blue Window.” The regulation creates a financial mechanism that allows public and private funds to support marine conservation and restoration efforts, including coral reef protection. The trust will be managed through Indonesia’s Environmental Fund Management Agency (BPDLH) and is intended to finance innovative tools such as coral reef insurance, which can provide rapid funding to repair reef damage after storms or other disasters.
East Bintan Marine Protected Area (MPA)
The Bintan Marine Protected Area (MPA) was established in 2022 by Indonesia’s Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) and covers about 138,661 hectares in the eastern waters of Bintan Island. Managed in collaboration with the Riau Islands provincial government, the MPA aims to protect important marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and fish habitats, while supporting sustainable fisheries and coastal livelihoods.
